• You know that you shouldn't leave the tourniquet on longer than one minute, but do you know what can happen to your patient if you do?
• You know you should draw a discard volume when drawing through an IV line, but do you know how it can affect the care your patient receives?
• You know you shouldn't underfill tubes, but do you know what it can do to your patient?

Most phlebotomists and other healthcare professionals with blood collection responsibilities know the do's and don't's of drawing blood, but not everyone knows why the procedure must be followed exactly as they were taught. As a result, there's a disconnect between cause and effect that leads healthcare professionals to underestimate the importance of every standardized detail when drawing blood samples for clinical testing. Without a thorough understanding of why certain details of a venipuncture or skin puncture must be followed, they can't prevent a modification that can profoundly impact not only their patient's care and safety, but their own well-being.

You may know the how, but do you know the why?

Take time to review some of the most common blood collection errors in the chart below and the ultimate consequences they can have on patients. By connecting the dots from a self-styled deviation to the potential impact it can have on the patient, you'll gain a better understanding of why you do what you do, and why you shouldn't do what you shouldn't.

Error: Failure to properly identify the patient
Consequence: Transfusion- or medication-related death. Patient mismanagement due to being treated according to the results of another patient.

Error: Failure to properly cleanse site for blood culture collection; repalpating a site cleansed for blood culture collection; failure to allow antiseptic time to take effect prior to blood culture collection.
Consequence: Unnecessary administration of antibiotic & extended length of hospitalization due to false-positive blood culture.

Error: Prolonged tourniquet application beyond one minute
Consequence: Seizure, death, & patient mismanagement due to falsely elevated potassium* level. Patient mismanagement due to temporary elevation of albumin, calcium, RBC count, hemoglobin, and hematocrit. Patient mismanagement due to temporary decrease in WBC count and differential. Hypovolemia, anemia, and death if hemoconcentration obscures diagnosis and condition goes untreated.

Error: Patient allowed to pump fist
Consequence: Seizure, death, patient mismanagement. Fist pumping significantly increases potassium* and ionized calcium levels in blood being drawn.

Error: Underfilling coagulation tube
Consequence: Stroke due to unwarranted decrease in blood thinner dosage necessitated by falsely prolonged coagulation times.

Error: Underfilling EDTA tube
Consequence: Patient mismanagement/misdiagnosis from falsely decreased hematocrit and MCV. Unnecessary transfusion.

Error: Underfilling heparin tube
Consequence: Patient mismanagement/misdiagnosis from altered potassium, sodium, ALT, AST, amylase, and lipase results.

Error: Underfilling blood culture bottles
Consequence: Death from septicemia due to false-negative result

Error: Failure to properly mix tubes
Consequence: Patient mismanagement due to delays when anticoagulated tubes contain clots and must be recollected.

Error: Incorrect order of draw
Consequence: Seizure and death from potassium carrying over from EDTA into tube to be tested for K+.* Medication errors when additives carry over into coag tubes, falsely lengthening coagulation times and leading to unwarranted and life-threatening medication adjustments. Unnecessary antibiotic administration and prolonged hospitalization due to contaminated blood cultures.

Error: Vigorous mixing samples; “Milking” the site of a capillary puncture; improper needle placement; pulling excessively on the plunger of a syringe; line draws; prolonged tourniquet application; "rimming" clot tubes during processing.
Consequence: Seizure, death, medication errors, and patient mismanagement should these practices hemolyze samples causing the contents of red cells to be released into serum/plasma. Hemolysis falsely lengthens prothrombin times and elevates the reported levels of potassium,* LDH, AST, ALT, phosphorous, magnesium, and ammonia. Hemolysis falsely shortens aPTT times and decreases RBC counts, fibrinogen, and hematocrit.

Error: Specimen drawn above IV
Consequence: Death, medication errors, & patient mismanagement due to contamination by IV fluids of samples tested.

Error: Inadequate discard volume drawn when collecting blood through vascular access device
Consequence: Stroke/hemorrhage due to modification of blood thinner dosage based on inaccurate coagulation results. Medication errors due to contamination. Patient mismanagement from altered results.

Error: Failure to properly label the specimen
Consequence: Transfusion- or medication-related death, and patient mismanagement due to being treated or transfused according to the results obtained from another patient's blood.

Error: Failure to label the specimen at the patient’s side
Consequence: Transfusion- or medication-related death, and patient mismanagement due to being treated or transfused according to the results obtained from another patient's blood.

Error: Pouring contents of one tube into another
Consequence: Patient mismanagement/misdiagnosis & medication errors based on altered results, especially potassium.* Stroke/hemorrhage due to unwarranted modification to blood thinner dosage.

Error: Drawing timed specimens at the wrong time
Consequence: Patient mismanagement/misdiagnosis & medication errors.

Error: Delays in drawing blood cultures based on fever spike
Consequence: Septicemia, death. Since fever spikes ̴̴ 30 minutes after bacterial shedding into the bloodstream, any delay in fever-based blood culture collections limits the ability of the laboratory to grow and identify the causative organism in a timely manner.

Error: Chilling/refrigerating samples to be tested for potassium prior to centrifugation
Consequence: Seizure, death, patient mismanagement due to falsely elevated potassium level.*

Error: Tubes not centrifuged properly; Gel tubes centrifuged twice; Centrifuging tubes with stoppers removed.
Consequence: Seizure, death, patient mismanagement due to falsely elevated potassium levels from platelets and/or red cells remaining in serum or plasma.*

Error: Delay in transporting/testing coagulation specimens
Consequence: Stroke caused by unwarranted modification to blood thinner dosage based on inaccurate aPTT result.

Error: Transporting sodium citrate tubes on ice
Consequence: Hemorrhage, death, medication errors. Cold activation of Factor VII causes a falsely shortened prothrombin time, which may mislead the physician into increasing blood thinner dosage.

Error: Delay in centrifuging samples to separate serum from cells
Consequence: Seizure, death, patient mismanagement. Prolonged serum/cell contact causes a falsely elevated potassium level to be reported.* Other analytes affected include glucose, LD, phosphorous, creatinine, folate, vitamin B-12, ALT, AST, and ionized calcium.

Error: Specimen not protected from light
Consequence: Newborn suffers irreversible brain damage because bilirubin deterioration leads to falsely lower result, which prevents physician from ordering phototherapy.

*Patients whose reported potassium levels are falsely elevated (pseudohyperkalemia) are at risk whether their reported value is in the normal range or elevated. Actual potassium levels that are below normal (hypokalemic) but falsely elevated into the normal range by collection errors may be inappropriately cleared for surgery due to the "normalizing" of their potassium. Such patients are at risk for seizures and other complications when subjected to anesthesia. Other hypokalemic patients whose potassium levels are falsely elevated into the normal range may require rapid intervention, but go untreated. Such patients are at risk for developing cardiac arrhythmia. Patients whose potassium levels are actually normal but reported as elevated (hyperkalemic) due to collection errors may be treated for a high potassium level unnecessarily.

[NOTE: The Center for Phlebotomy Education has developed Blood Collection Errors and Their Impact on Patients, a 20" x 28" laminated poster containing this and much more information for managers and educators to display in their facilities to help their staff and students understand the impact preanalytical errors have on patient care.]